Diabetes Mellitus Types Treatment Signs and Symptoms Diet Plan is a global disease.
it is rising on the waves of increasing moderate obesity and increasing age in the developing countries, Diabetes mellitus Disease is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by
chronic elevation of glucose levels in the blood.
Blood glucose level arises because the Pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin Hormone for its own needs, because of impaired insulin secretion into the bloodstream or impaired insulin action, or both.
Diabetes Mellitus affects over worldwide some 300 million people and is on the increase in disease incidence.
Chronic and long-term exposure to high-level blood glucose is a leading cause of Visual loss, renal failure,
a range of other types of tissue damage. Diabetes also predisposes to hypertension coronary arterial disease and lipid Disorders
History of Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes Mellitus was a disease of the wealthy in the ancient period in India Known as Madhumeha (Sweet present in Urine) it was observed by aunts who were Attracted to the urine,
- The ancient Greek peoples coined the term “Diabetes Mellitus” meaning excessive Urine elimination with dehydration,
- Romans described that the urine contained sugar; “diabetes” was considered a kidney’s disease until the 18th century.
Raised glucose levels in the blood were recognized soon afterward. The modern era discovery of Oskar Minkowski that removal of the pancreas gland resulted in diabetes Mellitus,
followed by the discovery of insulin in the years 1921-22. Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by
increasing blood glucose levels can be resulting from defect or insufficient secretion of insulin or Insufficient action of Insulin Hormone
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
- Type I DM,
- Type II DM,
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Definition of Type one Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Type I Diabetes Mellitus is known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Juvenile diabetes mellitus. Pancreases fail to secretion or produce enough beta cells or insulin Hormone
Diabetes mellitus is caused by the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas and when the beta cells are destroyed the pancreas gland unable to produce insulin hormone at all
Definition of Type two Diabetes Mellitus
Type II Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes mellitus beta cells produce insufficient Insulin hormone
Definition of Gestational Diabetes Disease
Gestational Diabetes Disease was Less Insulin hormone Production during the pregnancy by the Antenatal Mother.
This type of diabetes recovers after pregnancy, but Mothers are at risk for developing type -II diabetes mellitus later in life Span.
Causes of Diabetes Mellitus Disease:
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Type II Diabetes Mellitus | Gestational Diabetes | |
|
Polyphagia ( increased appetite) |
Polyphagia ( increased appetite) |
Polyphagia ( increased appetite) |
|
|
Polydipsia ( increased thirsty) |
Polydipsia ( increased thirsty) |
Polydipsia ( increased thirsty) |
|
|
Polyurea (increased urination ) |
Polyurea (increased urination |
Polyurea (increased urination |
|
| Candida infection, | Candida infection, | Candida infection, | |
|
Frequent genital infections ( Balanitis/ vaginitis), |
Frequent genital infections ( Balanitis/ vaginitis), |
Frequent genital infections ( Balanitis/ vaginitis), |
|
| Delay healing process, | Blurred vision, | Blurred vision, | |
| Delay wound healing process, | Delay wound healing process, | Delay wound healing process, | |
| Unexplained Weight loss, | Lower extremities paraesthesia, | Lower extremities paraesthesia, | |
| Fast onset because of insulin production is Nil, | Slow onset because of some insulin-producing, | Balanitis / vaginitis | |
| Extremely fatigue, | Extremely fatigue, | Extremely fatigue, | |
There are different causes and etiology for diabetes which are given below
Viral infection to Pancreas Gland
Autoimmune disorders,
Genetically disorders
Hereditary
Obesity,
Long time use of certain drugs i.e, steroid, thiazide diuretics, phonation,,
Severe or recurrent pancreatitis,
Lack of physical activity,
Pancreas carcinoma
Idiopathic
Diagnosis Evaluation for Diabetes
FBS – Fasting Blood Sugar
PLBS – Postprandial glucose test
OGT – Oral glucose Tolerance test
RBS – Random blood Glucose
HbA1c Test
Thyroid profile
DM Pathophysiology
Treatment for Diabetes Disease:
Diabetic Medical Management
The main goal of diabetes treatment is to normalize insulin activity
Blood glucose levels to reduce Normal Level
Reduce the development of vascular and neuropathic complications.
Components of management for diabetes:
- Nutrition,
- Exercise,
- Monitoring,
- Patient education,
- Insulin therapy
Diabetic Pharmacological management
Rapid-acting Insulin
- Aspart
- Lispro
- Glucolize
Short-acting Insulin (Regular)
Intermediate-acting
(Neutral protamine Hagadorn)
Long-acting Insulin’s
Lantus,
Levemir
The oral medications are
Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides
Repaglinide
Metformin.
Alpha-glucosidase
Glinides
Insulin secretagogues.
Biguanide
Incretins.
Thiazolidione
Prevention Measures for Diabetes Disease
Individualized hyperglycaemic control
- Healthy Diet and lifestyle
- Do Exercise regularly
- Medication
Treat associated conditions
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Coronary heart
- Disease
Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Maintain healthy lifestyle habits
Eat a balanced and healthy diet
Controlling body weight Do more physical activity i.e. walking and playing games
Avoid Soft drinks and choose Coconut water, Green tea Less Consume Coffee or tea
Eat Sea products i.e Fish
Eat limited Red Meat
Eat Nuts Sports
Stop tobacco Consuming
Periodically Health Checkups and Monitor Blood Glucose levels
Take care of Eyes, feet,
Check for Numbness in foots
Check Blood pressure and vitals regularly
Diabetes Complications
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycaemia,
DM Related Complications
Microvascular
Eye disease
Macular edema
Diabetic Retinopathy
Macrovascular
Coronary Artery diseases
Peripheral arterial disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Hearing loss
Cerebrovascular accident
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Erectile dysfunction in Males
Nursing Interventions for DM
Monitor blood sugar regularly
Control Blood Sugar
Measure body weight regularly
Observe signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
- Level of Consciousness
- Cold and Moist skin
- Rapid pulse
- Anxiety
- Hunger
- Blurred vision
Coordination of blood sugar levels with insulin and anti hypoglycaemic agents
Asses for the signs and symptoms of infection
Increased temperature
Flushed appearance
Examine Wound discharges i.e color, odor,
Urine analysis for Cloudy urine appearance
Nursing Diagnosis for DM
Deficient knowledge related to diabetes mellitus self-care skills or information.
Anxiety-related loss of control, fear of inability to manage diabetes Misinformation-related diabetes,
fear of diabetes mellitus complications.
The risk for infection-related potential sensory loss in feet.
Imbalanced Nutrition Related to increasing in stress hormones
The risk for impaired skin integrity is related to immobility and lack of sensation.
Potential self-care deficit related to physical impairments or social factors.
Diabetes Mellitus Nursing care
Keep patient unit and bed sheet dry tidy wrinkle-free
Receive patient and Make patient Comfortable position
Check vitals periodically attach Multi Para Monitors for recording Pule Blood pressure ECG…
Check for physician orders Check for prescribed treatment regimen for correcting hyperglycaemic as indicated.
Monitor laboratory values any abnormal inform to physician
Send for diagnostic evaluations as prescribed i.e Laboratory tests, Radiological investigations
Maintain asepsis nursing technique during IV line insertion,
Administration of medications,
Check any swelling and redness and change IV sites as indicated.
Give Morning, Evening Care to Patient,
Teach for good hygienic practice i.e. Skin Hand foots
If any wound promote wound healing
Health education for DM
Give Health education about control of Blood sugar levels
Provide psychological-emotional support to the patient,
Health education about control of blood sugar in Home
Give education How to treat hypoglycemic reactions
by giving sugar juice, Chocolate candy, honey fruit juice,
Teach about active and passive exercises to control blood sugar
Give information about Self Check signs and symptoms of complication DM effects.
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